Data Supplement
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Appendix S1-S2 - Statistics and figure on the effects of altitude [m.a.s.l.] on the proportions (%) of social species, nonparasitic species, ground-nesting species, multivoltine species, oligolectic species and on the mean inter-tegula distance (ITD) of wild bee communities in 34 sites. The genus Bombus was excluded from these analysis
- Appendix S3 - Species list and individual numbers of wild bees in 34 grasslands in Germany
Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Altitude predicts (a) species richness of wild bees and (b) abundance of wild bees. Point size in the abundance plot is weighted by flower cover (min: 0.41%, max: 10.44%), which is also a good predictor for the abundance of wild bees. Regression lines are drawn from the minimal adequate model estimates. For statistics, see table 1.
- Figure 2.
Effect of altitude on (a) the phylogenetic relatedness of wild bee species within sites (NRI): F1,32 = 10.63, p = 0.003, y = −0.030 + 2.62e − 3 × altitude; and (b) the mean phylogenetic distances of wild bees between sites (MPD): F2,31 = 93.04, p < 0.001. The altitudinal categories are: low (<1000 m.a.s.l.), medium (1000–1499 m.a.s.l.), high (>1500 m.a.s.l.).
- Figure 3.
Effects of altitude (m.a.s.l.) on the proportion (%) of five categorical life-history traits and on the mean ITD in wild bee communities on 34 sites. Black circles and lines represent abundance-weighted proportions/means of traits, whereas grey solid points and lines represent species-based proportions/means of traits. Lines are presented if simple regressions were significant (p < 0.05). The trait categories were: sociality (social versus solitary), parasitism (non-parasitic versus parasitic), nesting behaviour (below-ground versus above-ground-nesting), voltinism (multivoltine versus univoltine) and lecty (oligolectic versus polylectic).
- Figure 4.
Effect of altitude on (a) the mean altitudinal range (m) and (b) the mean geographical distribution (number of quadrants (10 × 10 km) at which species were found in Bavaria) of wild bee communities. Black circles and lines represent abundance-weighted proportions/means of traits, whereas grey solid points and lines represent species-based proportions/means of traits. Lines are presented if simple regressions were significant (p < 0.05).
Tables
- Table 1.
ANOVA table with type III sum of squares of general linear models with species richness and abundance of bees as response variables. (Explanatory variables are flower cover, management (two levels: extensively managed, no management) and altitude.)
response predictor d.f. F p species richness management 1.29 0.77 0.388 flower cover 1.29 2.26 0.143 altitude 1.29 11.25 0.002 abundance management 1.29 2.51 0.124 flower cover 1.29 10.79 0.003 altitude 1.29 9.76 0.004 - Table 2.
F-statistics and estimates of simple regressions on the effects of altitude (m.a.s.l.) on the proportions of social species, non-parasitic species, ground-nesting species, multivoltine species, oligolectic species and on the mean inter-tegular distance (ITD), altitudinal range and geographical distribution of wild bee communities in 34 sites. (The calculations were performed for species-based proportions/means of traits and abundance-weighted proportions/means of traits. Degrees of freedom = 1,32 in all cases.)
F p estimates response species weighted proportion of social species 40.71 <0.001 y = 37.55 + 0.03 × altitude proportion of non-parasitic species 0.80 0.377 n.s. proportion of ground-nesting species 6.06 0.019 y = 62.56 + 9.84e−3 × altitude proportion of multivoltine species 2.08 0.159 n.s. proportion of oligolectic species 2.05 0.162 n.s. mean ITD (mm) 46.07 <0.001 y = 2.36 + 9.26e−4 × altitude mean altitudinal range (m) 17.07 <0.001 y = 696.65 + 0.26 × altitude mean geographical distribution 8.27 0.01 y = 233.33 − 0.03 × altitude response abundance-weighted proportion of social species 21.52 <0.001 y = 67.64 + 0.02 × altitude proportion of non-parasitic species 0.27 0.609 n.s. proportion of ground-nesting species 10.93 0.002 y = 59.62 + 0.01 × altitude proportion of multivoltine species 2.47 0.126 n.s. proportion of oligolectic species 0.46 0.501 n.s. mean ITD (mm) 16.74 <0.001 y = 2.90 + 9.03e − 4 × altitude mean altitudinal range (m) 1.85 0.184 n.s. mean geographical distribution 9.13 0.005 y = 319.44 − 0.05 × altitude
Volume 279, issue 1746
Keywords
