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Altitude acts as an environmental filter on phylogenetic composition, traits and diversity in bee communities

Bernhard Hoiss, Jochen Krauss, Simon G. Potts, Stuart Roberts, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
Published 29 August 2012.DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1581
Bernhard Hoiss
1Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Jochen Krauss
1Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Simon G. Potts
2School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Reading University, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
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Stuart Roberts
2School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Reading University, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
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Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
1Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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  • Data Supplement

    Files in this Data Supplement:

    • Appendix S1-S2 - Statistics and figure on the effects of altitude [m.a.s.l.] on the proportions (%) of social species, nonparasitic species, ground-nesting species, multivoltine species, oligolectic species and on the mean inter-tegula distance (ITD) of wild bee communities in 34 sites. The genus Bombus was excluded from these analysis
    • Appendix S3 - Species list and individual numbers of wild bees in 34 grasslands in Germany

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    Figure 1.

    Altitude predicts (a) species richness of wild bees and (b) abundance of wild bees. Point size in the abundance plot is weighted by flower cover (min: 0.41%, max: 10.44%), which is also a good predictor for the abundance of wild bees. Regression lines are drawn from the minimal adequate model estimates. For statistics, see table 1.

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    Figure 2.

    Effect of altitude on (a) the phylogenetic relatedness of wild bee species within sites (NRI): F1,32 = 10.63, p = 0.003, y = −0.030 + 2.62e − 3 × altitude; and (b) the mean phylogenetic distances of wild bees between sites (MPD): F2,31 = 93.04, p < 0.001. The altitudinal categories are: low (<1000 m.a.s.l.), medium (1000–1499 m.a.s.l.), high (>1500 m.a.s.l.).

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    Figure 3.

    Effects of altitude (m.a.s.l.) on the proportion (%) of five categorical life-history traits and on the mean ITD in wild bee communities on 34 sites. Black circles and lines represent abundance-weighted proportions/means of traits, whereas grey solid points and lines represent species-based proportions/means of traits. Lines are presented if simple regressions were significant (p < 0.05). The trait categories were: sociality (social versus solitary), parasitism (non-parasitic versus parasitic), nesting behaviour (below-ground versus above-ground-nesting), voltinism (multivoltine versus univoltine) and lecty (oligolectic versus polylectic).

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    Figure 4.

    Effect of altitude on (a) the mean altitudinal range (m) and (b) the mean geographical distribution (number of quadrants (10 × 10 km) at which species were found in Bavaria) of wild bee communities. Black circles and lines represent abundance-weighted proportions/means of traits, whereas grey solid points and lines represent species-based proportions/means of traits. Lines are presented if simple regressions were significant (p < 0.05).

Tables

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  • Table 1.

    ANOVA table with type III sum of squares of general linear models with species richness and abundance of bees as response variables. (Explanatory variables are flower cover, management (two levels: extensively managed, no management) and altitude.)

    responsepredictord.f.Fp
    species richnessmanagement1.290.770.388
    flower cover1.292.260.143
    altitude1.2911.250.002
    abundancemanagement1.292.510.124
    flower cover1.2910.790.003
    altitude1.299.760.004
  • Table 2.

    F-statistics and estimates of simple regressions on the effects of altitude (m.a.s.l.) on the proportions of social species, non-parasitic species, ground-nesting species, multivoltine species, oligolectic species and on the mean inter-tegular distance (ITD), altitudinal range and geographical distribution of wild bee communities in 34 sites. (The calculations were performed for species-based proportions/means of traits and abundance-weighted proportions/means of traits. Degrees of freedom = 1,32 in all cases.)

    Fpestimates
    response species weighted
     proportion of social species40.71<0.001y = 37.55 + 0.03 × altitude
     proportion of non-parasitic species0.800.377n.s.
     proportion of ground-nesting species6.060.019y = 62.56 + 9.84e−3 × altitude
     proportion of multivoltine species2.080.159n.s.
     proportion of oligolectic species2.050.162n.s.
     mean ITD (mm)46.07<0.001y = 2.36 + 9.26e−4 × altitude
     mean altitudinal range (m)17.07<0.001y = 696.65 + 0.26 × altitude
     mean geographical distribution8.270.01y = 233.33 − 0.03 × altitude
    response abundance-weighted
     proportion of social species21.52<0.001y = 67.64 + 0.02 × altitude
     proportion of non-parasitic species0.270.609n.s.
     proportion of ground-nesting species10.930.002y = 59.62 + 0.01 × altitude
     proportion of multivoltine species2.470.126n.s.
     proportion of oligolectic species0.460.501n.s.
     mean ITD (mm)16.74<0.001y = 2.90 + 9.03e − 4 × altitude
     mean altitudinal range (m)1.850.184n.s.
     mean geographical distribution9.130.005y = 319.44 − 0.05 × altitude
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7 November 2012
Volume 279, issue 1746
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: 279 (1746)
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Keywords

altitudinal gradient
phylogeny
environmental filtering
life-history traits
assembly rules
insects
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Altitude acts as an environmental filter on phylogenetic composition, traits and diversity in bee communities
Bernhard Hoiss, Jochen Krauss, Simon G. Potts, Stuart Roberts, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
Proc. R. Soc. B 2012 279 4447-4456; DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1581. Published 26 September 2012
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Altitude acts as an environmental filter on phylogenetic composition, traits and diversity in bee communities

Bernhard Hoiss, Jochen Krauss, Simon G. Potts, Stuart Roberts, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
Proc. R. Soc. B 2012 279 4447-4456; DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1581. Published 26 September 2012

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